Permanent blind assembly of two thin panels

Spot welding or seam welding:
- a welding process that is not very flexible
- variable and non-guaranteed assembly and resistance levels
Bonding:
- complex bonding process
- assembly quality can sometimes be variable
Clamping:
- process resulting in low mechanical resistance
- time-consuming in terms of both preparation and assembly
Clinching:
- requires substantial investment
- used exclusively for mass production
Self-drilling screw:
- low levels of tensile resistance, irregular and difficult to control
Hollow rivet:
- blind installation is impossible